In this paper an ultra-low power two stage improved operational trans_conductance amplifier based on folded cascode is designed. The proposed operational trans_conductance amplifier operates in weak inversion region. The use of two folded branches in the signal amplification path for the first stage and the new feed_forward compensation path with low bias current on the second stage in this proposed amplifier increases the DC gain, unity gain frequency, slew rate and decreases the input referred noise. The simulation results in a TSMC 0. 18μ m CMOS technology it shows that the proposed operational trans_conductance amplifier has unity gain bandwidth of 117 KHz, and consumes 195 nW power from a 0. 6 V supply voltage with DC gain of 101. 4 dB.

This paper examines the work of Immanuel Kant in the light of a new theory on the nature of truth, knowledge and falsehood (the inversion Theory of Truth). Kant’s idea that knowledge could be absolutely certain, and that its truth must correspond with reality, is discredited by a dissection of the Correspondence Theory of Truth. This examination of the nature of truth, as well as knowledge and falsehood, is conducted with reference to Sir Karl Popper’s writings on regulative ideas, the criterion of demarcation and the principle of falsifiability. It is argued that if truth is to be regarded as certain, it should be used to describe objects and events in the objective (noumenal) state, and that subjective knowledge must contain (and is improved by) falsehood. Perceptions and knowledge are obtained by the biological and evolutionary process of Active Subjectivism. Ideas we have knowledge of can be metaphysical or scientific, according to Popper’s Criterion of Demarcation. Kant’s “Copernican revolution” claim that our intellect imposes absolutely true laws on nature could not allow for the possibility that ideas might be constructed from fallible perceptions, and hence that all knowledge is uncertain. Instead, he developed a Critique of Practical Reason in which religion, though not provable through logical reasoning, could be proved by our innate moral sense, giving us a Categorical Imperative that could lead to perverse results. By rejecting the absolute certainty of a priori knowledge, and admitting a degree of essential falsehood, we arrive at a more reasonable grounding for moral behavior.

Optimization methods such as Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and Partial Swarm Optimization (PSO) are very popular for solving inverse problems. Gravity inversion is one of the fields of geophysical exploration that mainly used for mining and oil exploration. In this research optimization method is considered for gravity inversion of a sedimentary basin to find out its geometry. A new method for 3D inversion of gravity data is developed. In such optimization methods before anything else having a forward model is necessary. This model is the relationship between Bouguer gravity anomalies and a combination of prisms. The gravity anomalies of the density interface are generated by equating the material below the interface to a series of juxtaposing rectangular blocks. The stochastic optimization method that is used for solving inverse problem is Simulated Annealing. With a try and error method at first the cost function of a lot of choices is measured. Then the minimum value between them is used as the primary set of variables for introducing to model that is the start configuration of model variables. After that the repeating algorithm starts until the cost function reaches to as small as possible value by considering the geophysical constraints of the place that is being studied. Finally the geometry of prisms that is the depth of each prism is achieved. This geometry shows the situation of anomaly source. For better inversion regional anomaly is used with introducing some unknown constants to the model. The values of unknown parameters of model are extracted in a continuous range that is obtained from priori information of the region. At first the algorithm was used in solving a synthetic problem that is defined by developing random data in an arbitrary region, so with using forward model again and again finally the cost function reaches to its minimum value. For evaluating the success or failure of the algorithm, the contour map of depths that was used in forward model is compared with map that is produced after inversion and discrepancies was considered. The good results of synthetic problem lead to implementing the algorithm for real gravity data from Aman Abad region in Arak city. For this purpose at first the gravity data must be changed to Bouguer gravity anomalies by some reduction. After that the repeated algorithm is implemented and finally the results are compared with some priori information which is obtained by madding boreholes around the region. This priori information claims that the minimum and maximum depth of prisms is between 70 meters to 120 meters. Results of the algorithm are compatible with this information and show the power of algorithm in solving this kind of inverse problem. It must be mentioned that without using this priori information the results of gravity inversion are not unique and many different interpretations can be concluded even interpretations that cannot be accepted in geophysical view. As a norm to find the ability of algorithm in solving this problem the cost function can be helpful which shows the amount of error. The maximum value of it was 0.5 mgal in some regions in this research.

Structural originating of the southern Birjand Ophiolite Mélange is required to be an implementation of various stress phases in the evolution history of this region. Separation of different phases in the multiple inverse method shows that the maximum stress axis (s1) in several position of this zone has mainly NE-SW to E-W trends and the minimum stress axis (s3) NW-SE to N-S trends. By using obtained stress orientations and compiling them with the other obtained structural data, such as extensional structures (normal faults and extensional fractures), compressional structures (thrust faults, lineation and foliation trends in flysch units and the orientation of folds axes), shear-comperssional structures (fracture types in the crashed zones) and extensional structures (strike-slip faults with normal tensor, extensional and sigmoidal fractures), it is concluded that paleotectonic of this region has been affected by three stages including comperssional, shear-compersional and extensional.

In this study after considering the importance of the stress filed and its applications in different branches of earth sciences, the focal mechanism stress inversion techniques were reviewed in a short way. Although the problem in hand was highly nonlinear, according to the benefits of the linear approaches some authors have tried to linearize the problem by making some extra assumptions in addition to the assumptions that all stress inversion methods share i.e. homogeneity of the stress tensor in the area or assuming the slip direction to be in the direction of maximum shear traction. Therefore two different approaches, linear and nonlinear methods were investigated in this study.Then two major methods from each division namely Michael (1984) from linear approaches and Lund and Slunga (1999) from the nonlinear ones, were selected and the main aspects of each method were shortly described without entering into details. After that each method was applied to a dataset from a previously studied and widely known area in California, United States of America, to ensure the validity of the results. The results from both methods showed good agreements with the expected results based on the successful studies in the area about the stress field performed by Angelier (1979).Some of the differences observed in the results from different methods are due to the way they make choice between the nodal plains. In Michael (1984) method this choice is being made during the bootstrap randomly, thus there is a similar chance for each nodal plane to be selected as a fault plane. This increases the ability of the method to deal with the noisy data. On the other hand Lund and Slunga (1999) method has the ability to select the fault plane based on two different methods which are slip angle and instability. The experience of using these methods shows that the Michael (1984) method generally gives an average orientation of the maximum horizontal stress that approximately occurs between the two methods introduced by Lund and Slunga (1999).Finally the methods were applied on a dataset from Makran region which is placed both in Iran and Pakistan. The result of the stress inversion of all available data from Makran was an average of the SHmax (maximum horizontal stress) directions in the area and therefore the dataset was divided into three different parts: western, central and eastern. The result showed an interesting variation in the maximum horizontal stress directions. Different methods used in this study showed a good agreement again and this led to the higher reliability of the stress directions in Makran.These directions showed a variation which was acceptable according to the tectonic state of the region and also the previous studies in the region. In the western part of Makran, the maximum horizontal stress orientation was 17.6±4, parallel to Zagros, and showed the effect of the continent-continent collision between Arabia and Eurasia plates. In Central Makran, this direction showed a clockwise rotation and became 38.2±3. In the eastern part which is under the influence of the continent- continent collision between Indian and Eurasian plates, the direction was 157.0±4. Paying attention to these variations in stress states can be helpful to study the area especially in the western part of the Makran subduction zone which is associated with lack of seismicity. The observed correlation of the variation in crustal stress and the seismicity agrees with the recent studies reporting a similar correlation between the seismicity and the upper mantle velocity variations obtained from surface wave tomography. It confirms the changing nature of the subducting slab stretched from west to east in Makran subduction Zone.

We conducted this study in the Agogo Traditional Area of the Ashanti region of Ghana where there are numerous cases of conflicts between crop and animal farmers as a result of insufficient pasture for livestock, especially during the dry seasons. This has drawn the attention of various stakeholders in agriculture to the need for supplement feed through pasture establishment. The study examines farmers’ perception and the financial viability of pasture establishment for small ruminant production. The specific objectives of the study are as follow: to identify the cost and returns for the establishment of an acre of pasture, to assess the financial viability of pasture establishment on ‘cut and sell’ basis, to investigate farmers’ perception of pasture establishment for cattle production, to conduct a SWOT analysis of the establishment of pasture in Agogo. The study purports to analyze in detail, farmers' perceptions about the nature of the proposed 'Fodder Bank' policy and its likely effect on crop and livestock production, and whether the proposed policy could generate adequate monetary returns to induce its adoption at the farm level. The study seeks to provide evidence in support of SDG goals 2 (Zero hunger) and 12 (Responsible consumption and production) of the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. To the authors' best of knowledge, this is envisage to provide valuable information to support policy initiatives intended to tackle the root cause of farmer-herder conflicts. The Asante Akim North Municipal is one of the 27 administrative Districts in the Ashanti region. Its capital is Konongo- Odumasi. The population for this study comprises livestock and crop farmers in Agogo. Asante Akim North Municipal was purposively selected for the study because it is noted for its agrarian abilities and massive production of food in the Ashanti region. The multi stage sampling was employed in this study. At the first stage, Asante Agogo traditional area was selected purposively due to the fact that majority of the inhabitants engage in agricultural activities (GSS 2010). At the second stage, three communities in Agogo namely, Hwidiem, Ananekrom and Bebuso were selected purposively. At the third stage, quota sampling was used to obtain a specific number of farmers from each of the three communities to sum up to 150 respondents as shown in table. Simple random sampling technique was then used to engage the selected farmers in these communities. A sample size of 150 respondents were obtained using the Slovin’s formulae which is a scientific method of obtaining the sample size for a given population. Structured questionnaires consisting of open and close ended questions were used to gather primary data from respondents through face-to-face interviews. Interviews were conducted using the local dialect mostly to enhance communication and to clear all language barriers but English was used where the respondents could give accurate answers in English Language. Data per the questionnaires from respondents were concerning their perception of pasture establishment and the assessment of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of pasture establishment. Secondary data was sought from books, journals, dissertations and the internet. Useful and relevant information on the appropriate materials and their costs for establishing pasture was also obtained from the Agogo MoFA office, and the KNUST Department of Animal Science. Descriptive statistics such as percentages, tables and means were used to analyze the socio-economic characteristics of respondents. It was revealed in the study that majority of crop farmers have had their crops destroyed by ruminants especially cattle at least once. Additionally, the study showed that pasture establishment is one way through which crop farms destruction by livestock can be prevented as about 99% of farmers responded in the affirmative. The results for the financial viability of the venture under the assumptions used gave relevant results with BCR of 1.18 and NPV of GHC 3,160. The Internal Rate Return of the venture is estimated at 40.1% and a Pay Back period of 2.61 years. Therefore, it will be economically prudent for investors to commit resources towards establishing pasture. The perception index for commercial, economic and financial concerns of pasture establishment was 3.7 which is skewed toward agree. The statement that had the highest positive perception index was about the fact that pasture establishment will increase the quality of meat. This implies that respondents perceive that the commercial, economic and financial results of pasture establishment will be positive. The perception index for the social category was 3.66. The statement with the highest positive assertion by respondents is the fact that pasture establishment will help control the movement of animals. The perception index of 3.66 which is skewed towards agree means that pasture establishment will attract the support from the community and also bring more benefits to the society. In the category of technical concerns of pasture establishment, the overall perception index for this category is 3.15, which means that the respondents perceive they have a fair technical know- how concerning pasture establishment even though the venture requires technical know-how. In the category of institutional concerns, support and involvement in pasture establishment, the statement with the highest perception index is that MoFA will support farmers with the necessary resources in its capacity. With reference to the chi-square test, the study can conclude that there is a significant relationship between the type of farmer and the perception that support can be drawn from farmer-based associations, and the perception that pasture establishment will increase livestock production as well as the general sales of farmers. Lastly, the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between the educational background of the farmer and the perception that it is not difficult to select planting materials for pasture establishment. Farmers in Asante Akim Agogo should adopt the establishment of pasture since it is financially viable. The establishment of pasture in Asante Akim Agogo should be encouraged since it has the potency to reduce the farmer - herder conflicts and ensure food security. For successful pasture establishment, technical know-how is essential.

Iran is situated in one of the world's seismic regions and the possibility of destructive earthquakes in most regions of the country has given great significance to recognition of Iranian seismic nature from a seismic and seism otectonic standpoint. Study of the crust and upper mantle velocity structure in the Iranian plateau provides better understanding of its evolution and tectonic history of seism otectonic zones. Crustal velocity structure is used as initial information for various geological and geophysical studies, and therefore it is a basic and important issue in seismology. Receiver functions show Earth local structure response to P-wave vertical arrival approximately beneath of a three-component seismometer and are sensitive to shear-wave velocity impedance. Depth-velocity trade-off in RFs information is causing of inversion non-uniqueness problem, but one can overcome to this limitation by incorporating information from absolute velocity from dispersion estimations and joint inversion of this two data sets. By this, more exact constraints are provided about crustal structure. In this study, crustal velocity structure and Moho discontinuity depth beneath of four broadband stations of Kerman seismological network have been investigated from joint inversion of P-wave receiver functions (RFs) and Rayleigh wave group velocity dispersion. The teleseismic waveformes in time interval more than two years was used to compute RFs from the time domain iterative deconvolution procedure Ligorria and Ammon (1999) which has higher stability with noisy data compared to frequency-domain methods. The 165 desired RFs were computed from these waveforms that have magnitude bigger than 5.5 and have recorded at four permanent stations in epicentral distance 25˚-90˚. To delete high frequencies, Gaussian parameter 1.0 used. For increasing signal to noise ratio, RFs clustered in 10˚ azimuthal and less than 15˚ epicentral distance ranges. Finally, the RFs were stacked. This work performed under software SAC. Due to changes in group and phase velocity of surface waves with depth for different periods and dispersion in these waves and sensitivity of the waves dispersion curve to shear wave velocity, inversion of dispersion curve is an efficient method for determining the average shear wave velocity in a vast region of the depth between two seismic stations. Group velocity dispersion curves were incorporated into our joint-inversion scheme from an independent regional fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves tomography images for within the 20–80s period range in Iran by Rahimi et al. (2014). Joint inversion of two independent data sets was performed with considering combination weighting parameter appropriate performed from Herrmann and Ammon program (2003). Minimizing standard error between real and predicted data is the criteria for getting to desired final and close to earth real model.The results from this study show that Moho discontinuity boundary is beneath of CHMN station at 52±2 km depth, beneath of KHGB station at 50±2 km depth, beneath of NGRK station at 54±2 km depth and beneath of TVBK station at 52±2 km depth. We used forward modeling test for error estimation and resulting models accuracy.Relative high crustal thickness in this region compared to other regions of central Iran can be attributed to abut the region to the Sanandaj–Sirjan zone (SSZ) and Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic assemblage (UDMA) that under thrusting of the Arabian plate beneath Central Iran along the main Zagros thrust fault is caused of thickening. It can also attributed to exist of thick Magma masses in Urumieh–Dokhtar magmatic assemblage and increase the density and relative thickness of the area based on the Isostasy theory.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

Extended Abstract Introduction Estimation of the Moho depth and thickness of the crust using the gravity anomaly datais one of the basic researches in the geophysics and geology sciences. Materials & Methods Based on many geophysical studies, the three-dimensional thickness determination of the density variationinterface using the gravity anomaly is a common method. One practical instanceis the modeling of the crustal discontinuity like Mohorovicic discontinuity using the gravity anomalies. To analyze the anomalies associated with these crustal discontinuities, many techniques are used. Among the common methods generallyused for estimating the Moho depth and studying thecrustal structure arethe analysis of surface and body wavesof the earthquakesrecorded at theseismological stations, the analysis of post-seismic waves, the gravity data inversion method and thermal analysis. In these cases, the inversion of the filtered gravity anomalies for determining the interface geometry of the density variations is one of the main goals. Different researches have proposed different methods for calculating the interface geometry of the density variationsbased on thegravity anomaly. Many of them approximate an irregular body with several cubic prismelements withconstant density. The overall gravity field of the bodyis calculated based on the sum of the gravity field effects of the prisms. Some methods such as Oldenburg (1974) have been developed based on the rewrite of Parker's forward method (Parker, 1973). Based on the Parker’ s method, the Fourier transform of the gravity anomaly is consideredas an outcomeof thesum of theFourier transforms of the createddepth powersrelated tothe gravity anomaly. Oldenburg shows that theParker's formula can be rewritten to determine the geometry of the density interface from thegravity anomaly data. In this method, the Parker’ s formula inversion is used to calculate the gravity anomaly created by an uneven layer of materials based on the Fourier series. Oldenburg rewrote this formula to calculate the interface depth of the density with undulating geometry using thegravity anomaly based on an iterative method (Parker-Oldenburg method). Therefore, the topography ofthe densityinterface is estimatedbased onan iterative inversion method, which is repeated until an acceptable solution is obtained. According to the method (Oldenburg, 1974), the process is convergedin casethe depth of the interface is greater than zero and is not removed from the topography. Moreover, 􀀗 􀀖 ، پاییز 􀀏 􀀏 􀀏 ، شماره 􀀐 􀀖 دوره 􀀆 􀀇 لنامه علمی-پژوهشی اطلاعات جغرافیایی 􀂐 ف 16 / Scientific-Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR) Vo. 28, No. 111, Autumn 2019 the range of theinterface variations should be less than the average depth of the interface. When a specific number of iterations is performed or the difference between two successful approximations is less than a specific value, the iterative procedure ends. In general, this gravity anomaly modeled by the inversion method should be very similar to the input gravity anomaly in the first stage. This paper investigates the Moho depth behavior using gravity anomaly data based on the Parker-Oldenburg method. The formula rewritten by Oldenburg through integration with the Parker’ smethod called the Parker-Oldenburg method is used here to obtain the results by the iterative inversion method oftheFourier transform of the gravity anomaly. Since this method is based on the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT), it has a very high speed which can be used to compute models with a very high number of points without spending too much time on computation. Good results can also be achieved by using a high-quality gravity field. Results & Discussion In this study, the gravity anomalies derived from EGM08, EGM96 geopotential models and one of the GOCE-based global geopotential models (obtained only from the global satellite gravimetry data of GOCE), as well as those derived from terrestrial gravity data provided by the National Cartography Center (NCC) have been usedin Khorasan region. A 112 112 ´ cell grid has been createdto generate the gravity field and estimate the Moho depth. Investigation of the results obtained from theMoho depth calculation in this region shows that the Moho depth model obtained from NCC data is very different from other models due to the limited number of observation points to reach the gravity field interpolation model. The difference of theMoho depth derived from the EGM08 model and the onederived from theEGM96 and GOCE models, gave 1. 66 and 1. 07 km for the RMS values, respectively. This accuracy improvement can be attributed to the quality and resolution of the geopotential models. Furthermore, comparing the results of the GOCE model with the EGM96 model, the RMS value is 0. 85 km which is due to the close proximity of the two models’ qualities. Conclusion In this paper, the Moho depth model has beenobtained based on the Parker-Oldenburg method using the gravity anomaly data forKhorasan region. In this method, the Fourier transform ofthe gravity anomalies accelerates themodeling for a large number of points. On the other hand, the high-quality of the models for the production of anomaly, results in the production of thehighly precise geometry of the density interface to a certain extent.

DNA barcoding is one of the developing methods in molecular systematics for the identification of species. psbA-trnH is one of the most variable noncoding regions of chloroplast genome and a standard DNA barcode for plant species. However, intraspecific inversions limited the ability of this barcode in the identification of species. The efficiency of these structural changes in the identification of Capparis spinosa genre, including C. spinosa, C. parviflora, C. mucronifolia and C. cartilaginea, was investigated in the present study. Twenty five sequences from 4 species of this complex and 3 other species of the genus Capparis was aligned. The results revealed intraspecific polymorphism in 2 regions of psbA-trnH (8% of whole region) in this group. Analysis of data showed that ignoring these inversions has led to overestimating intraspecific divergence, underestimating interspecific divergence, and disability of psbA-trnH in the identification of closely related taxa. Using reverse complementary sequence may partly overcome this problem. Based on the results of this study, it can be recommended that sampling from a wide geographic range of a species would reveal more intraspecific molecular variation and increase the efficiency of a DNA barcode.